The Hollinger Institute

2011-11-05T17:30:00.000-07:00

The Hollinger Institute: Is China A Threat to U.S. National Security?

2011-11-05T16:55:00.000-07:00

The Hollinger Institute: Is China A Threat to U.S. National Security?

Colombia's president hails killing of Farc leader Alfonso Cano

2011-11-05T16:35:00.000-07:00

The Guardian

Sibylla Brodzinsky in Bogotá
guardian.co.uk, Saturday 5 November 2011 17.54 EDT

Colombia's president hails killing of Farc leader Alfonso Cano

Death of rebel chief in gun battle with government troops puts proposed peace talks in doubt

Farc leader Alfonso Cano with journalists in February this year. Photograph: Luis Acosta/AFP/Getty Images

Colombia's top rebel leader has been killed in a hail of gunfire near his remote camp in what the government are calling the "most resounding blow" against the guerrilla army known as the Farc in its near 50-year history.

Guillermo León Sáenz, whose nom de guerre was Alfonso Cano, was killed in combat on Friday evening after an air raid earlier in the day on his camp in a remote region of Cauca province in south-west Colombia.

Although he had shaved off his trademark full beard and moustache, and was found without the thick glasses that he always wore, Cano's body was identified through fingerprinting. Cano's general location was reportedly pinpointed several weeks ago through communication intercepts. There was a £2.5m reward on his head.

Some members of Cano's security detail, and a woman believed to be his partner, were killed in the bombing, according to the defence minister, Juan Carlos Pinzón. Cano and a handful of others hid about 200 metres from the camp, and when ground troops surrounded it, they engaged in combat. Cano was shot in the hip, the groin and the neck.

On inspecting the bombed-out camp, troops found several computers, 39 pen drives, 24 hard disks and cash in Colombian pesos, dollars and euros.

President Juan Manuel Santos and the military high command travelled to Popayán, the nearest city to the camp. On announcing the news after midnight on Friday, Santos declared Cano's death "the most resounding blow to this organisation in its entire history".

Santos seized the occasion to call on the Farc fighters to demobilise. "Otherwise you will end up in a prison or in a tomb. We will achieve peace."

Local media reported that following Cano's death, the Farc attacked a police station in Jambalo, killing a police officer. Cano is the most senior Farc leader, but his death does not mean the imminent demise of the Farc, analysts say.

"This is more a political blow to the Farc than a military one," said Ariel Avila, a conflict analyst with the Nuevo Arco Iris thinktank in Bogotá. Avila said there will probably be a new wave of demobilisations among the ranks of Farc fighters and its urban militia networks that provide logical support to the rebels. "But is this the end? Not yet."

Cano, 63, took over the Farc after the death of its legendary leader Manuel Marulanda Vélez in 2008, one of the worst years ever for the group in which it lost three members of its ruling secretariat and was duped into handing over 15 of its hostages.

But since then the Farc has regrouped and retaken the offensive, delivering deadly blows to the armed forces. Within a few days last month, 20 soldiers were killed in separate Farc attacks. Experts now estimate the Farc's strength at 9,000 fighters, about half the size it was a decade ago.

At the same time as Cano led the new Farc offensive, he made overtures to the Santos government about possible peace talks, even praising a new law to return land to victims of Colombia's conflict. Avila said Cano had managed to win consensus among the Farc leadership to seek peace talks with the government and, in a video message released in August, Cano said "dialogue is the way".

Cano's death will put the brakes, at least temporarily, on those Farc overtures and it is unclear which direction the organisation could take now.

Cano's successor will probably be Iván Márquez, or Timochenko, both of whom represent the more ideological wing of the Farc. They are believed to move along the Colombian-Venezuelan border. Another option is Joaquín Gómez, commander of the Farc's powerful, cash-rich Southern Bloc.

Santos, speaking from Popayan after congratulating the soldiers involved in the operation, said that whoever replaces Cano "will not have the same capacity for command and control". He also warned it was no time for victory speeches but rather "it is the moment to persevere".

Cano, a communist youth leader in the late 1960s, was considered a hardline Marxist. During ultimately failed peace talks from 1998 to 2002, he was in charge of the Farc's political wings, the clandestine Communist party, known as PC3, and the Bolivarian Movement.

Breathing Meditations | How to Meditate

2009-11-19T15:58:00.000-08:00

Breathing Meditations How to Meditate

Jordan passes tough jail terms on 12 al-Qaeda-linked terrorists - Monsters and Critics

2009-10-16T11:21:00.001-07:00

Jordan passes tough jail terms on 12 al-Qaeda-linked terrorists - Monsters and Critics

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Newark School of Aiki Jujitsu

2009-10-15T13:37:00.000-07:00

Newark School of Aikijujitsu (NSA)
Utilizing Modern Day Self Protection Aikijujitsu Strategy.
www.makotoryuaiki.net

Professor Thomas Mack 7th Dan
Soke Dai in Makoto Ryu Aikijujitsu

Professor Thomas R. Mack is a native of Newark, New Jersey and Senior Master Instructor/Soke Dai in Makoto Ryu Aikijujitsu. He holds the rank of Kyoshi Black Belt 7th. Degree. Prof. Mack has training in Goshindo Daito Ryu Aikijujitsu, Hakko Ryu Aiki Ju Jitsu, Shinobino-jitsu (properly known as Ninjutsu), Kobujitsu (weaponry) and Karate. Professor Mack has over 25 years of martial arts experience. Sensei was raised in Newark Public School system and he wishes to give back to the Newark community via martial arts science and assertive positive thinking life skills and philosophy.

Newark School of Aiki Ju Jitsu (NSA) teach academic martial science classes, which develops internal and external socialization by instructing a camaraderie with dojo mates and the general public, character development, physical improvement, and spiritual cultivation, – discipline is an integral part of the NSA. In addition to martial arts, Soke-Dai Prof. Mack also instructs students in anatomy and physiology, Japanese linguistics, health and wellness, and the power of positive thinking to enhance your life.

Professor Thomas Mack
Professor Mack studied directly under Soke Grandmaster Robert H. Williams, the Grandmaster and founder of Makoto Ryu. Professor Mack was a Uke Deshu (Ooka Deshoo), a live in student trained privately by Soke Williams, and he has appeared in magazines with his Teacher. Soke Dai- Thomas Mack later received his 7th Degree Black Belt from Grandmaster Williams.

The genealogical structure of Makoto Ryu Aikijujitsu was developed Grandmaster Robert H. Williams and stems from Grandmaster Ronald Duncan, creator of the Way of the Winds, and Greatest Masters of the Twentieth Century Hall of Fame (sponsored by Wesley Snipes). In 1968, Larry Hazard, Sr, former Commissioner of the State Athletic Control Boar received his 3rd degree Black Belt under Grandmaster Ronald Duncan. In addition, Professor Duncan also taught Special Troops and Navy S.E.A.L various aspects of martial science and philosophy for many decades.

Prof. Mack has written articles for HEKAU a community paper. Prof. Mack is a two time Hall of Fame inducted into The International World Head of Family Sokeship Council, and is a member of the International Federation of Ju-Jitsuans. Professor Mack is a genuine Martial Arts Educator, who teaches those seeking the true path of self-discovery, as well as self-protection, that’s been street tested for modern times. In spite of all that he has achieved, he continues to pursue excellence and pass his teachings on to his students. Following the example of his teacher, Professor Mack, now teaches on the East Coast at Newark School of Aikijujitsu in Newark, NJ. For more information concerning the Newark School of Aikijujitsu please contact Professor Thomas Mack@ 201-737-3516.

LESSON PLAN:

Newark School of Aikijujitsu is a martial art that is based on Ki Energy. The four principles of key are as follows:

1. Keep on Point- Stay Relaxed/ Focus power from the lower abdomen.
2. Relax completely- release all stress from the body.
3. Keep weight on the underside- Let the weight of all parts of the body settle to its lower point.
4. Extend Ki- Keep a positive open mind all the time.

BEGINNER: This class will present the basics of Dojo etiquette, and terminology, and the history of this art. It will prepare the beginning students with basic physical exercise, emphasis will be on proper posture, and balance, coupled with relaxation, and self control. The students will learn the basics of falls and rolls. The students will be introduced to the basic requirements of Newark School of Aikijujitsu. Students will practice these in a repetitive manner, until they become fluid motion. The martial science also includes some basic aspects of geometry, physics, and general science. In addition, the students will become familiar with some aspects of Japanese terminology and anatomy and physiology. Some Japanese terminologies are as follows:

1. Taiso (Body Conditioning)
2. Atemi Waza (Striking Techniques)
3. Ukemi (Break Falls)
4. Kote Waza (Wrist techniques)
5. Zanshin (Mental Awareness)
6. Fudoshin (Mindset)
7. Kokyo (Breath power and timing)
8. Hamni stance
9. Shikko undo- 4 Directions
10. Happo undo-8 Directions

Book Requirements:

Ki and the Daily Life
Living the Martial Way
Grey’s Anatomy and Physiology

Film Requirement:
A Peaceful Warrior

INTERMEDIATE: At this level the student must learn to combine various movements with evasion, strikes into a single movement in order to react appropriately in any given situation. The students must also exhibit intermediated skill in falling, rolling, and recovery for self-protection.

Students will learn the following:

Stress Reduction
Self control and discipline
Balance
Academic awareness
Positive attitude
Interpersonal communication skills

ADVANCED: Patience, determination, and keeping ones attention on him or herself will be required to meet the demand of achieving expert level of Newark School of Aiki Jujitsu training. This will enhance life skills by allowing the students to make the right decisions in life which will impact upon the immediate community and the world at large. “One of the first things you notice about a person is his or her attitude. Your attitude towards life and others is one of the most powerful generating forces on Earth. If your attitude and thoughts are positive, your life will reflect positive results. Our jails are filled with people who have negative attitudes toward society and show no respect toward their fellow man or property. When you see a person who has a proper attitude it tells you that his energy is positive. Newark School of Aiki Jujitsu will produce positive results in students who attend the Dojo.

Hubert Harrison

2009-08-28T18:09:00.001-07:00

Hubert Harrison

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2009-08-22T21:37:00.000-07:00

www.rapcoalition.org
http://www.deweyleboeuf.com/en/People/M/LLondellMcMillan.aspx

R.James Woolsey- Former Director of the CIA

2009-08-22T20:47:00.000-07:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knNRAGa3gb8&feature=fvst

The Change of the Entertainment Industry into the New Media Industry: The Profound Impact of File Sharing in the New Media Industry

2009-08-22T19:17:00.000-07:00

By Timur A. Davis

During the 1990s “Information Age,” the entertainment industry changed tremendously. The recording company’s world wide was able to billions of dollars due to synchronization license, mechanical license, unit royalties, and publishing licenses. The advent of the Internet changed the way in which artists will receive their royalties for record sales and compensation for publishing for music via multimedia radio. This is not the first time recording industries was confronted with change due to technology. In 1914, at the Hotel Claridge in New York, a group of visionary music creators developed The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publisher (ASCAP) for singer writers and composers.
This event changed the music industry forever. For ninety three years ASCAP protected artist making sure they were properly compensated for their creative works. During the 1920s, there was a technological advancement of the Radio. “Suddenly, previously disconnected communities and towns were instantly linked by a new medium, one that became the electronic hearth for millions of listeners. KFI Radio in Los Angeles was the first station to be licensed on February 1, 1923,” (ASCAP, http://www.ascap.org/ ).

There were many prominent musicians became a member of ASCAP, people such as: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, and Leonard Bernstein.

The Dot-Com Bubble (1995-2001), developed a new way in which information would communicate from sender to the receiver. The Dot-Com Bubble was the development of Internet base companies which brought a new axiology in relationship to business. Many venture capitalists were concerned with the increased market share was the bottom line. Napster was a website company that was created during the technological advancement of Dot-Com bubbles.
During the late 1990s, Napster was a file sharing that decentralized the P2P file sharing programs such as Kazaa, Limewire, iMesh, Morpheus, and Bearshare. The company revolutionized the way in which major record companies such as EMI, Polygram, Bertelsmann BMG, Sony, EMI, and Warner would relate to the new technology. There were several lawsuits that developed in regards to BMG and Napster concerning copyright infringements. The global became very cynical about technology. There were concerns about The Year 2000 problem or Y2K; the computer processing would operate incorrectly for dates and times after January 1, 2000. This scare set frenzy in government structures and corporations throughout the planet. In addition, piracy practices of bootlegging music material were widespread. Some countries developed relaxed copyright laws such as Germany, Italy, and Australia. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created by the Breton Woods Conference as an economic discovery plan during World War II. The goal of GATT was the reduction on barriers concerning international trade. On December 1994, (GATT) developed Intellectual Property Provisions of GATT concerning copyright law as it relates to the international community:

5. Fair use provisions and similar limitations on the exercise of the copyright shall be limited to “certain special cases in which do not conflict with the normal exploitation of a work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder; and

6. Obligations to afford certain minimum rights for the protections of performers, producers of phonogram, and broadcasting organizations.

BMG and Napster would engage in legal battle in regards global piracy that existed through the world during the turn of the new century.

Situation Analysis
Issue and Opportunity Identification

During the late 1990s, the organizational structure of the recording industry changed tremendously. Many large multimedia conglomerates began to buyout smaller companies at an alarming rate. For example, in 1999, Seagram’s Universal Music Group for $100 million from Russell Simmons. “The monolith wanted to consolidate its entertainment interest and was initially prepared to pay $70 million for the remaining 40% stake. Simmons pushed them to a nice figure of $100 million in the deal… That showed the value of the brand and its continued growth. Simmons had sold the original 60% in 1993 for $33 million” (Ogg, 2002).
In addition, Priority’s Bryan Turner and Mark Cermai received $100 million from EMI in 1997 for 50% -then flush from the success of NWA, Ice Cube and Dr Dre. Currently, the music industry is controlled by four major labels Sony BMG, EMI, Universal and Warner which consists of many smaller companies serving different markets throughout the globe. The major recording companies are based throughput different regions of the world, Sony BMG is a Japan German based record company, Warner Music Group is based in United States, Universal Music Group is based in France, and EMI is based in the United Kingdom. In 2004, the global market was estimated at $30-$40 billion. The annual sales for CDs, music videos, and mp3s in 2004 were $3 billion. According to Wikepedia the records annual record sales for each company is as follows:

Universal Music Group-25.5%
Sony BMG Music Entertainment-21.5%
EMI Group-13.4%
Warner Music Group- 11.3%
Independent labels-28.4%

In 1999, Shawn Fanning was attending Northeastern University in Boston. He was interested in developing an easier method of finding music on the Internet. His competition was websites such as IRC and Lycos. Shawn’s uncle John Fanning developed a business partnership with nephew which they developed a company called Napster Inc. They built an office and executive team in San Mateo, California in September of 1999. Napster was a musical file sharing company, which specialized in MP3 files.

In Miles Copeland’s article entitled Are Record Labels Greed, the writer asserts:

“The amount of accusations of greed and ineptness leveled at record companies is only half as shocking as the record industry’s meekness at defending itself. The public has been led to believe that CDs are highly overpriced by greedy companies who are also stealing from the artist in their thirst for profit. Therefore it is quite okay for everyone to download freely on Napster or some other vehicle to redress this “evil.” It is also argued that the industry’s slowness to respond to the opportunities of the Internet opened the door to the likes of Napster. Unfortunately, some naïve artists have supported and fueled these ideas,” (Copeland, 2000).

In 2001, Metallica and Dr. Dre filed separate copyright-infringement suits against Napster Website Company. Napster was ordered by the courts to begin filtering out 1 million music files, beginning with Metallica and Dr. Dre. “It looks as though the Dr. Dre songs have not been filtered and Metallica songs have been filtered, but just the literal (song) titles –without variations,” said Howard King, counsel for Dr. Dre and Metallica. “The search engine Napster uses is designed to pop up variations” (Conniff, 2001). United States District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel was concerned with evidence of specific file names in regards to the files which customers were able to download. Napster’s lead attorney David Boies premise was that the burden of proof concerning the files. He thought it was with the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). RIAA thought Napster was responsible for developing a database concerning artist on its website roster.

Unfortunately, many of the multimedia companies really did not understand in social dynamics of the “information age,” and it impact in modern day society. The company (Napster) was able to allow its searchers to key phrases in the title entry for example; the Metallica song Fade to Black would search terms such as Fade 2 Black.

Napster allowed people to download music and record compilation albums without paying any royalties to artist or owner of the copyright. In 2007, Bertelsmann (BMG) claimed that Napster had contributed to its poor financial figures for the first half of the year. A brief column in Music Week was published in regards to the payments that BMG was required to pay music publishing companies as a result of Napster:

“The German media giant reported earning, before financial results and tax (EBIT). of €417 m (£281.81m) for the first six months of 2007 down from €693m (£468.33m) in the same period in 2006. The company said the result was largely due to the impact of the Napster settlement, in which they agreed to pay $130m (£64.5m) to a group of music publishers as a payment of Napsters original P2P service” (Music Week, 2007).

Stakeholder Perspectives/Ethical Dilemmas

Some of the ethical dilemmas that exist between Napster Inc and Bertelsmann (BMG) consist with copyright infringement and technological bootlegging muical compositions from artists making it impossible for artist to receive proper compensation for their works. Multimedia corporations are threatened with record companies’ future role in the global society. People are now able to purchase CD burners and purchase musical CDs and develop “illegal” copies for sale. Customers are more concerned with downloading music from the Internet.
Artists such as Percy “Master P” Miller and Prince developed multimillion dollars selling their material on their own developing their own recording companies. Master P developed Brand names such No Limit Entertainment, No Limit Clothing, No Limit Films, and No Limit Sports Management. In 1998, Forbes Magazine estimated that Master P estimated $56.5 million. He was later estimated worth was $661 million. In 1996, Prince completed his contract with Warner Brothers. Within the same year he released Emancipation on his NPG Records with distribution through EMI. In addition he created Emancipation Music Inc to publish his material, the album was certified platinum.
Moreover, BMG was not in competition with fellow giant labels it was also in competition with entrepreneurs who were innovative in terms of developing companies on their own do to the advent of the technology. Napster Inc was in becoming a bona fide threat to the recording industry.

End-State Vision

In 2000, the entertainment giant Bertelsmann AG and Napster Inc merged and BMG dropped its copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet software company. BMG decided to help enhance the Internet company due to the fact that Napster had approximately 38 million users, and “and that service causes serious and irreparable harm to the music business,” (CNN Money).

Despite BMG and Napster’s agreement the other majors like Warner Music Group were still pursuing lawsuits against Napster.
The Internet went on to reshape the digital future of the music companies.

Gap Analysis

The Gap Analysis consists of the inability of the traditional major record companies to understand the impact of technology and the role it plays in the social dynamics in modern society. Record companies and new laws were developed due to Internet companies and file sharing. The public was elated with the possibility of downloading music. However, that resulted to lose in many record sales all over the world. The average cost to purchase a new musical album was $15.00 to $17.00 dollars and many people were opposed with the idea of receiving music at no price at all.

References

Journal

Conniff, Tamara. (2001). Slow Intro to Napster Tune-Out. Hollywood Reporter, March 6, 2001. Retrieved on October 25, 2007 from Ebscohost.

Copeland, Michael. (2000). Are Record Labels Greedy? Rap Coalition. Retrieved on October 25, 2007 from Rap Coalition.org

Ogg, Alex. (2002). The Men Behind Def Jam: The Rise and Fall of Def Jam. New York: Ominpress

Chapter 15- Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2003). Organizational Behavior (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Table 1

Napster was an Internet based company that was developed by Shawn Fanning, a 19 years computer programmer who develop a music downloading company. Napster was developed in the dorm of Shawn Fanning while he was attending Northeastern University in Massachusetts. Large multimedia conglomerates like Bertelsmann BMG, Sony, Universal and Warner Music Group felt threaten with possibility of its customers downloading music without pay money to the major record companies.

One of the problems with the new technology is Napster was a developed after MP3. com.

The large records companies do not know how to secure rights for Intellectual Property concerning the digitization of copyrights.
File Sharing and copyrights fair use act
The possibility of free music all over the globe.
Consistent drop in record sales all over the globe.
Pirating intellectual property via Internet

It is an opportunity for multimedia corporations in the entertainment world to control the future of distribution by better understanding the impact of Napster. Come up with various possibilities securing music licensing so music can be played on cellular phones, iPods, and Internet.

“A distributive negotiation usually involves a single issue—a ‘fixed-pie’—in which one person gains at the expense of the other. For example, haggling over the price of a rug in a bazaar is a distributive negotiation,” (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2003, p. 71).
This dilemma allows both BMG and Napster to begin organizational
Communication and manage a complex situation.

Distributive negotiations

Organizational
Communication
Artists are concerned with their music file being downloaded allover the world without receiving: 1 Royalties, Synchronization License, or publishing licenses.

Some customers are enamored with the idea of receiving free music through downloading via Internet.
Artists feel violated
Advertising and Marketing

Litigators are concerned about developing United States Copyright Office.

The impact of pirating on Copyright Infringement Laws in the United States and around the globe
The Copyright Agreements and its impact on World Trade Agreements such as GATT
Bootlegging Intellectual Property and its on royalties and record sales

The development of new Copyright Laws in relationship to the digitization of information

Codifying Laws for the new technology

Stakeholder Groups

The Interests, Rights, and
Values of Each Group

Bertelsmann (BMG)

BMG is interesting in selling its music globally without pirating from Napster Inc, which unethically allows prospective customers of BMG to download music at no cost at all.

1. Values the integrity of securing the rights of artists music
2. Credits itself with paying royalties to artist via CD and DVD sales
3. 1999 BMG lost $982, 000, 000 in sales world due to illegal downloading of music
4. A tremendous drop in sales all over the globe
5. The company feels at a lost of control, because it is not adapt to dealing with the new threat of Napster
6. What type of image is being communicated to the company’s customers
7. Illegal file sharing really put the traditional music industry at risk and
Needed to keep up with the new technology

Napster Inc
Napster Inc was developed by Shawn Fanning a 19 year old computer who was only thinking in terms of competing with MP3.com

1. Unethical file sharing of music via the Internet
2. Copyright infringement across the globe
3. Revolutionized the music industry
4. Fanning did not take into consideration the social responsibility needed in managing intellectual property
5. Customers mis-interpretation of file sharing
6. Copyright Laws and fair use act

End-State Goals
BMG’s vision is to develop a business relationship with Shawn Fanning, founder of Napster Inc, because the company to better understands the file sharing technology. In addition, Fanning will create a better security system in the future concerning illegal file sharing.
In 2000 BMG and Napster Inc merged to develop a business relationship that would impact the globe. Napster later developed a file sharing company for Universal Music Group called Snopac.
In 2007, BMG settled copyright infringement publishing companies buy paying out $130 million to several publishing companies.

Response to Michael V. Hayden: Time for CIA to Move Forward Not Backward

2009-08-22T12:30:00.000-07:00

Securing the National Security of United States of America is vital for the country's existence, and The Central Intelligence Agency historically was the epicenter of United States National Security interests throughout the Cold War. However, I think it is important to look back historically at the CIA and to discern some of the good and bad points of America's "greatest"Spy and Espionage agency.

The National Security Act of 1947 was developed and established by former President Harry S. Truman after the dismantling of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's - Office of Strategic Service (OSS), which was established on June 13, 1942, and directed by Gen. William "Wild Bill" Donovan. In addition, to the development of the OSS, Pres. Roosevelt also created Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), which was prior to OSS. "President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which was the direct predecessor to the CIA. The CIG was an interim authority established under Presidential authority. The assets of the SSU, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence was transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO)." I guess Pres. Truman felt it was important to look back at the OSS evaluate and restructure a civilian intelligence agency that was able to respond to nuclear threats of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the intelligence enigma of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

The society changed from WWI, WWII, the Korean War, The Cuban Missile and the Vietnam conflicts and there was a need to adjust the Agency and fit the perceived threats during that particular time. The American public began to question the need of the CIA during the Bay of Pigs Invasion...The unfortunate counter-intelligence the Cubans developed with the Soviet Union was completely embarrassing to the country and our national security...Although, I was not even born during the Bay of the Pigs Invasion, and the Cuban Missile crisis. If I were an intelligence professional, I would ask "What went wrong, and what provoked Cuban Missile Crisis-or Thermo-nuclear Warfare, which the potential exchange of uranium, atomic, and hydrogen bombs projected between Cuba, Soviet Union and the United States. Generation X almost did not make it here. Wow

Again, I think there is a dire need to look back! The Rendition Operations can create more terrorist throughout the world. Who is responsible the CIA or the outsourced intelligence groups who do not abide CIA or international protocol? Sometimes one may be tortured into telling you, what you may want to here, because water-boarding hurts. The reality seems to be ( I am not an analyst), al-Qaeda have terrorist hybrid groups all over the world- they engage in a global war of attrition and have suicide bombers as well. I think the CIA needs to be examined the same way an employee needs to be annually examined at a job to make sure he or she is measuring up to the institutions goals and objectives. Because there may be some "blowback" that will not only hurt the publicity of America, but also harm its citizens. The government agencies are put in place to protect and serve its citizens. Not the other way around. The President of the United States is within his or her right to examine federal government agencies. If President Truman did it, why not Barack Obama...?

The Dangers of Depleted Uranium in Military Warfare

2009-08-21T22:23:00.000-07:00

By Dr. Doug Rokke/ Health Physicist - Retired U.S. Army Major

The continued use and prior use of uranium munitions is causing adverse health and environmental effects that are being ignored by the leaders those nations and their military commanders who are responsible for uranium weapons use. During the summer of 1991, the United States military had collected artillery, tanks, Bradley fighting vehicles, conventional and unconventional munitions, trucks, etc. at Camp Doha in Kuwait. As result of carelessness this weapons depot caught fire with consequent catastrophic explosions resulting in death, injury, illness and extensive environmental contamination from depleted uranium and conventional explosives. Recently the emirate of Kuwait required the United States Department of Defense to remove the contamination. Consequently, over 6,700 tons of contaminated soil sand and other residue was collected and has been shipped back to the United States for burial by American Ecology at Boise Idaho. When Bob Nichols, an investigative journalist, and I contacted American Ecology we found out that they had absolutely no knowledge of U.S. Army Regulation 700-48, U.S. Army PAM 700-48, U.S. Army Technical Bulletin 9-1300-278, and all of the medical orders dealing with depleted uranium contamination, environmental remediation procedures, safety, and medical care . They had never heard of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines for dealing with mixed – hazardous waste such as radioactive materials and conventional explosives byproducts. (reference "Approaches for the Remediation of Federal Facility Sites Contaminated with Explosives or Radioactive Wastes", EPA/625/R-93/013, September 1993). The shipment across the ocean, unloading at Longview, Washington State port, transport by rail, and burial in Idaho endangers not only the residents of these areas but poses a significant agricultural threat through introduction of pests, microbes, etc. foreign to our nation. Sadly the known adverse health and environmental hazards from uranium weapons contamination also are prevalent throughout the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency has listed the former Nuclear Metals- Starmet uranium weapons manufacturing site in Concord Massachuetts on EPA’s Superfund National Priority List because it poses a significant risk to public health and the environment. Consequently the community in which the United States was born on April 18, 1775 is now the location of America’s own closed dirty bomb factory that will endanger the health and safety of the descendants of our original patriots- “the Minutemen”. The closed “National Lead” uranium weapons manufacturing site in Albany New York also poses a significant health and environmental risk. There is also substantial uranium weapons contamination as a consequence of combat training, manufacturing, or research operations in Maryland, Nevada, Hawaii, Florida, Indiana, Tennessee, New Hampshire, Texas, and Puerto Rico. In all probability uranium weapons contamination is abundant throughout United States weapons firing ranges and those ranges located throughout Europe. The previous delivery of at least 100 GBU 28 bunker busters bombs containing depleted uranium warheads by the United States and their use by Israel against Lebanese targets during 2006 has resulted in additional radioactive and chemical toxic contamination with consequent adverse health and environmental effects throughout the middle east. Israeli tank gunners are also using depleted uranium tank rounds as photographs verify. Today, United States, British, Canadian, Australian, and Israeli military personnel are using illegal uranium munitions- their own "dirty bombs" while U.S. Army, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Defense, British Ministry of Defence, Canadian Ministry of Defence, Australian Defence Ministry, and Israeli officials deny that there are any adverse health and environmental effects as a consequence of the manufacture, testing, and/or use of uranium munitions to avoid liability for the willful and illegal dispersal of a radioactive toxic material - depleted uranium. This directly contradicted by internal United States Department of Defense documents such as the Pentagon briefing given by Colonel J. Edgar Wakayama, Director of the Operational Test and Evaluation Command (http://www.traprockpeace.org/du_dtic_wakayama_Aug2002.html) that confirms not only lung cancer but other serious medical problems such as respiratory, eye, skin, genetic abnormalities, and specific warnings about food, water, air, and soil contamination. It is critical to understand that Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Army Walker ordered the Director of the United States Army Environmental Policy Institute to determine how to reduce the toxicity of uranium munitions and the reported conclusion was that quote “Ways to Reduce DU Toxicity No available technology can significantly change the inherent chemical and radiological toxicity of DU. These are intrinsic properties of uranium. “ end quote. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 11 recently distributed a booklet “Some things you need to know about veterans- A Clinicians Guide to Veteran’s Specific Issues” in which they state quote:“Some of the physical symptoms which may occur as a result of exposure to depleted uranium are: sleep problems, mood swings, symptoms in upper or lower respiratory system, neuropsychological symptoms (including memory loss), chronic fatigue and immune system dysfunction (CFDIS), skin rashes and unusual hair loss, aching joints, headaches, abdominal pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal symptoms (recurrent diarrhea), nervous disorders (such as numbness in a limb), multiple chemical sensitivity, birth defects in children whose parents were exposed.” End quote The use of uranium weapons (radioactive chemically toxic dirty bombs) is absolutely unacceptable, and a crime against humanity because they do not discriminate between combatants and noncombatants; they permanently contaminate air, water, soil, and food; and they can not be cleaned up to restore contaminated areas to pre-war or pre-uranium use conditions that would allow unrestricted use of the area. The intended use of uranium weapons while ignoring all adverse health and environmental effects was specified in the March 1, 1991 Los Alamos memo even while the March 1991 memo from the Defense Nuclear Agency warned of serious hazards (http://www.traprockpeace.org/twomemos.html). Consequently the citizens of the world and all governments must force cessation of uranium weapons use. I demand that Israel now provide medical care to all DU casualties in Lebanon and clean up all DU contamination. Simply, U.S., British, Australian, Canadian, and Israeli officials arrogantly refuse to comply with regulations, orders, and directives that require officials to provide prompt and effective medical care to "all" exposed individuals. Reference: Medical Management of Unusual Depleted Uranium Casualties, DOD, Pentagon, 10/14/93, Medical Management of Army personnel Exposed to Depleted Uranium (DU) Headquarters, U.S. Army Medical Command 29 April 2004, and section 2-5 of U.S. Army Regulation 700-48. They also refuse to clean up dispersed radioactive Contamination as required by Army Regulation- AR 700-48: "Management of Equipment Contaminated With Depleted Uranium or Radioactive Commodities" (Headquarters, Department Of The Army, Washington, D.C., September 2002) and U.S. Army Technical Bulletin- TB 9-1300-278: "Guidelines For Safe Response To Handling, Storage, And Transportation Accidents Involving Army Tank Munitions Or Armor Which Contain Depleted Uranium" (Headquarters, Department Of The Army, Washington, D.C., JULY 1996). Specifically section 2-4 of United States Army Regulation-AR 700-48 dated September 16, 2002 requires that:(1) "Military personnel "identify, segregate, isolate, secure, and label all RCE" (radiologically contaminated equipment).(2) "Procedures to minimize the spread of radioactivity will be implemented as soon as possible."(3) "Radioactive material and waste will not be locally disposed of through burial, submersion, incineration, destruction in place, or abandonment" and(4) "All equipment, to include captured or combat RCE, will be surveyed, packaged, retrograded, decontaminated and released IAW Technical Bulletin 9-1300-278, DA PAM 700-48" (Note: Maximum exposure limits are specified in Appendix F). United States Department of Defense leaders are not showing the depleted uranium training tapes to military personnel. These three video tapes: (1) "Depleted Uranium Hazard Awareness", (2) "Contaminated and Damaged Equipment Management", and (3) "Operation of the AN/PDR 77 Radiac Set" are essential to understanding the hazards from the use of uranium weapons and management of uranium weapons contamination. These educational videos must shown to not only United States but all military personnel from every nation that is involved in use of uranium munitions and the consequent management of uranium contamination. The previous and current use of uranium weapons, the release of radioactive components in destroyed U.S. and foreign military equipment, and releases of industrial, medical, research facility radioactive materials have resulted in unacceptable exposures. Therefore, decontamination must be completed as required by United States Army Regulation 700-48 that includes not only uranium weapons but releases of all radioactive materials resulting from military operations. The extent of adverse health and environmental effects of uranium weapons contamination is not limited to combat zones in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan but includes facilities and sites where uranium weapons were manufactured or tested including Vieques; Puerto Rico; Colonie, New York; Concord, MA; Jefferson Proving Grounds, Indiana; and Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. Therefore medical care must be provided by the United States Department of Defense officials to all civilians and military personnel affected by the manufacturing, testing, research, and/or use of uranium munitions. Thorough environmental remediation also must be completed without further delay. I am disgusted that seventeen years after I was tasked to clean up the depleted uranium mess from Gulf War 1 and over thirteen years since I completed the depleted uranium project that United States Department of Defense officials and others still attempt to justify uranium munitions use while refusing to provide mandatory medical care and complete mandatory environmental remediation. Sadly, Department of Defense, Department of Energy, and Department of Veterans Affairs officials, and their representatives continue personal attacks aimed to silence or discredit those of us who demand that medical care be provided to all DU casualties and that environmental remediation be completed in compliance with U.S. Army Regulation 700-48. But beyond the ignored mandatory actions the willful dispersal of tons of solid radioactive and chemically toxic munitions contamination in the form of uranium munitions is illegal (http://www.traprockpeace.org/karen_parker_du_illegality.pdf) and just does not even pass the common sense test. According to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, DHS, uranium munitions are dirty bomb. DHS issued "dirty bomb" response guidelines, http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/fr-cont.html, on January 3, 2006 for incidents within the United States but ignore DOD use of uranium weapons and existing DOD regulations. These guidelines specifically state that: "Characteristics of RDD and IND Incidents: A radiological incident is defined as an event or series of events, deliberate or accidental, leading to the release, or potential release, into the environment of radioactive material in sufficient quantity to warrant consideration of protective actions. Use of an RDD or IND is an act of terror that produces a radiological incident." Thus the use of uranium munitions is "an act or terror" as defined by DHS. Finally continued compliance with the infamous March 1991 Los Alamos Memorandum that was issued to ensure continued use of uranium munitions can not be justified. Specific actions to mitigate the adverse health and environmental effects caused by the previous and current use of uranium munitions must be implemented. The leaders of the nations who have used and are using uranium munitions must acknowledge and accept responsibility for willful use of illegal uranium munitions- their own "dirty bombs"- resulting in adverse health and environmental effects. They must order:1. medical care for all civilian, combatant, and noncombatant casualties,2. thorough environmental remediation,3. immediate cessation of retaliation against all individuals who demand compliance with medical care and environmental remediation requirements,4. and stopping the already illegal the use (UN finding) of depleted uranium munitions. I pray that you and our Holy Father Pope Benedict XVI will able to provide some influence to stimulate leaders of nations responsible for the uranium weapons catastrophe to finally provide medical care to all casualties and to complete environmental remediation. I pray that we can finally encourage the leaders all nations to never use uranium munitions again. I pray that you will join me in my hope for Divine intervention. I pray that together we can motivate God’s children, the citizens of all nations, to live together in peace. In conclusion I wish to quote Archbishop Tutu’s comments to the United Nations Human Rights Council on September 18, 2008; “God is hoping that somehow you will help to make God’s world a more gentle place, more compassionate place, a more caring place. And God has no one except such as you. I pray that you will be able to fulfill this high calling. It is a high calling. It is a divinely given vocation.” I have accepted this calling but I pray for your help and assistance. I pray for God’s assistance. THANK YOU. References- The following web sites provide copies of the actual regulations and orders and other pertinent official documents related to the use of uranium weapons and mandatory but ignored response to the adverse health and environmental effects. I will also send copies of these documents these as attachments. The web site reference to http://www.traprockpeace.org/du_dtic_wakayama_Aug2002.html is a copy of a hidden internal United States Department of Defense briefing given by Colonel J. Edgar Wakayama that confirms adverse health and environmental effects.

Spooks for Hire

2009-08-20T16:25:00.000-07:00

Spooks for Hire:
Outsourcing Intelligence and Global Security during the Information Age
By Timur A. Davis

Since the 911 Attack on the World Trade Center, The Department of Defense, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania the infrastructure of the United Intelligence community changed dramatically. After the attack, the U.S. intelligence community restructured. The Director Central Intelligence (DCI) position changed which at one time supervised the overall intelligence community was omitted. The National Security Act of 1947, created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Department of Defense (DOD), Joint Chief of Staff, and National Security Council under President Harry S. Truman. Since 911, the National Security Act of 1947 was amended with the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, which developed the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which serves as the advisor to the president, Homeland Security Council (HSC), and National Security Council (NSC). Unfortunately, running spy networks in foreign countries changed tremendously in our contemporary times. At one time, spy networks were principally supervised by the government and accountable to Congress and the American people.
The cloak and dagger work is now being outsourced to major corporations such as: SAIC, Booz Allen Hamilton, Lockheed Martin, CACI International, and Xe Services LLC formerly Black Water Worldwide are some of the noted corporations that are benefiting from $50 billion a- year business or 70% of the U.S. intelligence budget. Many former members of both the Special Forces and intelligence agencies retire and come back to work as contractors for the same governmental agencies. Eric Prince was a former special operations officer a Navy Seal who developed Xe, and J. Cofer Black vice chairman of Xe was a former director of the CIA’s Counterterrorist Center. Black developed his own Total Intelligence Solutions, Inc an intelligence unit within Xe. According to Jeremy Scahill, author of Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army asserted in his article Blackwater’s Private CIA: “Total Intelligence's chief operating officer is Enrique "Ric" Prado, a twenty-four-year CIA veteran and former senior executive officer in the Directorate of Operations. He spent more than a decade working in the CIA's Counterterrorist Center and ten years with the CIA's "paramilitary" Special Operations Group. Prado and Black worked closely at the CIA. Prado also served in Latin America with Jose Rodriguez, who gained infamy late last year after it was revealed that as director of the National Clandestine Service at the CIA he was allegedly responsible for destroying videotapes of interrogations of prisoners, during which "enhanced interrogation techniques," including waterboarding, were reportedly used.” The continued outsourcing of intelligence developed a new industry which is the Intelligence Industrial Complex.
Scahill went further to assert in Blackwater’s Private CIA:
Total Intelligence is run out of an office on the ninth floor of a building in the Ballston area of Arlington, Virginia. Its "Global Fusion Center," complete with large-screen TVs broadcasting international news channels and computer stations staffed by analysts surfing the web, "operates around the clock every day of the year" and is modeled after the CIA's counterterrorist center, once run by Black. The firm employs at least sixty-five full-time staff -- some estimates say it's closer to 100. "Total Intel brings the...skills traditionally honed by CIA operatives directly to the board room," Black said when the company launched. "With a service like this, CEOs and their security personnel will be able to respond to threats quickly and confidently -- whether it's determining which city is safest to open a new plant in or working to keep employees out of harm's way after a terrorist attack."

Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower asserted this about the military industrial complex, “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.” The “blowback” effect in the intelligence field and around the globe is tremendous in regard to national security, newly developed threats, and interests through the world.

“U.S. intelligence budgets and the opportunities that money presented for defense contractors, information technology vendors, and national security operators who still held there top secret clearances… According to Seymour Hersh, the reporter who broke the story about Abu Ghraib, CACI’s contract interrogators introduced some of the most brutal attacks to the Iraqi prisoners. “The images of one naked prisoner, cringing in terror as a German shepherd snapped his teeth just inches from the man’s genitals, horrified the world.”
Xe is the largest of the State Department security contractors and the institution is outsourced throughout the world. The company received $ billions of dollars in counter-narcotics contracts from the Pentagon and numerous contracts concerning military contracting, security, and intelligence which impacts upon the world perception concerning U.S. foreign policy, politics, and diplomacy. Outsourcing intelligence with corporation may become problematic to the U.S. national security. The U.S. federal government should manage the U.S. intelligence community.

Is China A Threat to U.S. National Security?

2009-08-20T01:14:00.000-07:00

How is China’s national security strategy designed to counter the United States interest in Asia?
Despise the enemy strategically, but take him seriously tactically. Mao Tse-tung
The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese government political/economic reality of Marxist-Leninism has been a threat to the United States government since China’s leadership of Mao Tse Tung during the epoch of the Cold War. Mao did not share the same ideological Western interest like Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek, which later led to the Chinese Civil War. Like Joseph Stalin, Mao is known to kill many of the Chinese citizens to establish his political and economic ideology of Cultural Revolution. Mao acquiesced with the USSR ideas of Marxism which later developed a Sino-Soviet political, economic, and militaristic covenant. Currently, China’s global hegemonic relationships with continents such Latin America and Africa concerns not only the U.S. but also countries of the Asian region. China is a threat to the United States because it engages in corporate espionage, global piracy, and illicit trade that impacts upon global economies.
H. Keith Melton in his book Ultimate Spy: The Insider’s Guide to the World’s Most Dangerous Profession asserted “CIA officer Larry Wu Tai Chin worked as a mole for Chinese intelligence, supplying secret information from the early 1950s until his suicide in 1985.” (Melton, 2002, 12) China was receiving information about the United States secret intelligence during the early development of the Cold War.
In 1986, Time Magazine wrote:
“His meek appearance masked the fact that Larry Wu-Tai Chin was a master of deception. For nearly 30 years, Chin, 63, a naturalized American citizen who had been born in Peking, lived a double life. While working as a highly valued translator and analyst for the CIA, he also passed classified documents to the People's Republic of China. His duplicity earned him at least $300,000, and though he gambled much of it away, he had parlayed his take into real estate and other investments worth $700,000. Throughout his four-day trial, Chin insisted that he had only intended to improve relations between his homeland and his adopted country. Nevertheless, he became the first American to be convicted of spying for China, and faced life in prison.” (Time, 1986)
Bill Gertz in his article, Chinese Spy who Defected Tells All wrote the Ministry State Security (MSS) is engaged in domestic repression which helps to future the cause of Communist China. He went further to write,” The Ministry of State Security is actually not doing things for the security of the country, but rather they spend a lot of effort to control the people, the dissidents, the lower-class Chinese people, and make these people suffer and also make their life miserable," he said. (Gertz, 2009) Gertz interviewed former Chinese spy operative Li Fengzhi who later defected to the United States who asserted:
“China's spy agency is focused on sending spies to infiltrate the U.S. intelligence community, and also on collecting secrets and technology from the United States."China spends a tremendous effort to send out spies to important countries like the U.S. to collect information," Mr. Li said.
The Ministry State Security (MSS) engaged illegal espionage in the U.S. to help foster its domestic and national security, also; to further the interest of China’s global hegemony. China now has global interest in Sudan, Nigeria, Chad, and many other foreign nations around the world.
The prospective purchase of the Chinese government’s China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC) purchase of Union Oil Company of California dba Unocal sparked a national interest in the country and the White House. CNOOC wanted to purchase Unocal for $18.4 billion and policy makers did not with the business purchase. “CNOOC’s ownership structure also raised hackles in Congress. The company is part of the China National Offshore Oil Corp., which 70 percent is owned by China’s government — an arrangement that helped secure favorable financing terms unavailable to Chevron.” (MSNBC, 2005)
In conclusion, China is a national security threat to the Unite States during the post Cold War epoch. General Henry H. Shelton intimated, China is the next threat like former Soviet Union. China consistency engages in intellectual piracy that weakens the U.S. economy in the billion. In addition, dilapidated goods (toys) were sold to children as a strategy to weaken the government. Bill Gertz in The China Threat: How the People’s Republic Targets America wrote:
“Two days after the September 11, terrorist attacks, senior Chinese colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui announced that the attacks could be “favorable to China” interviewed by Ta Kung Pao, a Communist Party owned newspaper, on September 13 Qiao and Wang gloated about how predictions they had made about the future of warfare had come true.” (Gertz, 2002)
China also established fiber-optic communication networks in Iraq that assisted the military defense force of the country. The country is not transparent with it funding or military apparatus which also pose an unconditional threat to the country as well. In addition, China also sales military equipment and missiles to both Iraq and North Korea, which threatens the U.S. international interest around the world?
Critique the Gertz text, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of arguments and recommendations.
Gertz, Bill. China Threat: People’s Republic Targets America. Regnery Gateway, 2001. $27.95
Bill Gertz book China Threat: People’s Republic is a great book that illustrates the espionage, conspiracy, intelligence, military operation, and diplomatic turmoil of the People’s Republic of China. Gertz depicted the April 2001, diplomatic incommunicado between the United States and China during the EP-SE standoff when an aerial reconnaissance went down and 24 service personnel member of the United States was held hostage and the violation of international law for the Chinese government to disassemble the aircraft. In addition, the author depicted the China lobbyist operation that influenced the United State lobbyists and asserted that we should get tougher on China. Colonels Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui made statements in regard to the September 11, 2001 terrorists’ attacks wanting to help the al-Qaeda members in their efforts to commit global terrorism throughout the world. In addition, he also conversed about fiber-optic communication networks that were built by the Chinese in Iraq, and missile equipment that was sold to North Korea.
Those are very strong statements against the country of China and the country’s need to engage in espionage, chicanery, and diplomatic ruin with the United States of America. Although the book read like a John LeCarre fiction novel with unconditional intrigue and drama it is a book that will allow readers to become very emotive concerning the U.S. international relationship with China.
I think some readers may discern the book as an intentional anti-China manuscript to be completely bias against the Chinese because of their ethnicity. In addition, Gertz was very critical about Henry Kissinger, former National Security Advisor because of the relationship President Nixon developed with Mao Ze Tong. The strengths of the book are he point out the China may be a possible threat to the United States and readers should be concerned about the potential threat to national security.
Some of the weaknesses are, also China sold arms to the Iraqi people, and Oliver North also sold arms to help foster a war in Nicaragua. Should one blame all of the citizens of the United States for what Oliver North had done during the Iran- Contra Affairs? The author particularly focuses on the Chinese threat, and I am thinking about William Randolph Hearse and the impact of the 1898 Spanish-American War due to yellow journalism. The other question one must ask, economically can the U.S. afford a war with China at this point? What impact will it have across the globe? Would it lead to the third world war?
______, “America’s Notes on Espionage.” Times Magazine. March 3, 1986. (Retrieved on May 11, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960791,00.html)
______, “China Drops Bid for Unocal.” MSNBC. (retrieved on May 11, 2008) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/
Gertz, Bill. China Threat: People’s Republic Targets America. Regnery Gateway, 2001.
Gertz, Bill. “Chinese Spy Defected Tell All.” Washington Times. March 29, 2009 (retrieved on May 11, 2009 from www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mon/19/exclusive-chinese-spy-whodefecte-tells-all/?page=3 )

The Marxist-Leninist Impact of Grenada During the Cold War

2009-08-20T00:45:00.000-07:00

The Marxist-Leninist Impact on Grenada during the Cold War: Military Occupation of Cuban-Soviet Communist Interest in a Developing Country in the Caribbean

By Timur A. Davis

“The people are being cheated and have been cheated for too long--cheated by both parties, for over twenty years. Nobody is asking what the people want. We suffer low wages and higher cost of living while the politicians get richer, live in bigger houses and drive around in even bigger cars. The government has done nothing to help people build decent houses; most people still have to walk miles to get water to drink after 22 years of politicians.
If we fall sick we catch hell to get quick and cheap medical treatment. Half of us can't find steady work. The place is getting from bad to worse every day-except for the politicians (just look at how they dress and how they move around). The police are being used in politics these days and people are getting more and more blows from them. Government workers who don't toe the Gairy line are getting fired left and right.[1]”
New Jewel Movement Manifesto 1974

The United States and Soviet Union left a tremendous impact on the world during the Cold War. The Cold War was an extension of World War II, which was a continued state of social conflict, global tension, and unconditional competition in science and technology. In 1947, the term Cold War was first used by noted Bernard Baruch, American financier and United States presidential advisor.[2] The Cold War was a concept that stemmed from political, economic, and philosophical differences between the two super powers the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Grenada was a Caribbean country that was viewed as a militaristic opportunity because of its location and Maurice Bishop, former Prime Minister’s interest in developing a Marxist-Leninist government structure after the neighboring country Cuba. There were many different conflicts throughout the world during the early 1980s i.e. Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981), Assassination of Anwar Sadat (1981), and the threat of Muammar Abu Minyar al Gaddifi and Libya’s Islamic Socialism, and the Soviet-American Afghan War (1979-1989). These international events were results of the Cold War conflict. The Soviet Union was spawning its military international influence in the Caribbean such as: Guatemala, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Grenada.
In 1979, Maurice Bishop led a coup against Prime Minister Eric Gairy, due to political dissention between the New Jewel Movement and Grenada United Labor Party (GULP). After the coup Maurice Bishop became Prime Minister of Grenada and leader of the New Jewel (Joint Effect for Welfare, Education, and Liberation) Movement who was executed in 1983 by Bernard Coard, Bishop’s former Deputy Prime Minister of Grenada.

Prior to Bishop’s execution his was seeking aid from the U.S. and he was assassinated due to political-economic differences. This lead to the U.S. military invasion of Grenada known as (Operation Urgent Fury) to help restore the Grenadian government and U.S. students who attended St. George’s Medical School, which left the country in political turmoil.

On October 22-23, 1983, Prime Minister Eugencia Charles of Dominica, as acting chair of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) asked the U.S to intervene in Grenada. Richard C. MacFarlane, former national security advisor informed President Ronald Reagan about the request. Grenada became a Soviet-Union-Cuban colony and greatly influenced the threat to United States national security. “Reagan indicated strong preference for action and steered his national security team in the direction of intervention…,[3]” later known as Operation Urgent Fury which encompassed Special Operation Forces (SOF) such as: 82nd Airborne Division, Rangers, and Navy Seals (Seal Team Six) to develop militaristic operations, intelligence, communications, and Caribbean forces (Barbados and Jamaica) to interdict Cuban-Soviet Union terrorist influence in politically ruined Grenada.
Jeffrey J. Clarke wrote in Operation Urgent Fury in regard to the U.S. military intervention of Grenada:

“In October 1983, the U.S. Army was unexpectedly thrown into a “no-notice” joint force contingency operation on the little island of Grenada. Confronted with a deteriorating political situation on Grenada after the deposing and execution of the leader of the government by its own military, the perceived need to deal firmly with the Soviet and Cuban influence in the Caribbean, and the potential of several hundred U.S. citizens becoming hostages, the Ronald Reagan launched an invasion of the island with only of military to plan operations. While the military’s capabilities were never in doubt, the unexpectedly strong Cuban and Grenadian resistance in the first two days of operation and the host of U.S. military errors in planning, intelligence, communications, high lighted the dangers…[4]

President Reagan was concerned about the development of a U.S. hostage situation in Grenada, because of the former Iran Hostage Crisis that had taken place in 1981. During the Iran Hostage Crisis fifty-two U.S. citizens were deprived of their for four-hundred and forty-four days, which later led to the Iran-Contra scandal because John Poindexter, former national security advisor and Lt. Col Oliver agreed to trade arms for hostages during the Reagan Administration.
President Carter delegated the newly developed First Special Forces Operational Detachment- Delta 1SFOD-D commonly known as Delta Force to rescue the 52 hostages from Iran in Operation Eagle Claw. Unfortunately, the mission was a failure due to malfunction of helicopters at Desert One.[5] After the failure of Operation Eagle Claw, Commander Richard Marcinko of Navy Seal Team Two was commissioned to develop Navy Seal Team Six a counterterrorist unit which was developed to interdict global terrorist. Seal Team Six, U.S. Marines and the U.S. Rangers were instrumental in the U.S. military invasion of Grenada.

Brief Political History of Grenada:

In 1885, Grenada was the administrative headquarters of the British Windward Islands and the country was under the rule of Great Britain. In the early 1950s, Eric Gairy developed the Grenada United Labor Party (GULP), and the country would later become a part of the Federation of the West Indies. In 1970, Gairy developed the Mongoose Gang, and members of the gang had beaten up and assaulted Maurice Bishop and members of the New Jewel Movement. Bishop suffered from a broken jaw and hospitalized for weeks after the attack.[6] In 1973, Gairy went to Great Britain to converse with Edward Heath about the possibility of Grenada becoming independent and Heath told him that the country would become independent. In February 1974, Grenada was granted it independence and Bishop was concerned about the future of the country and feared the country would become a dictatorship.

The political schism between Bishop and Gairy led to further turmoil between both men. Rupert Bishop, Maurice’s father and trade union organizer was killed by the police. On November 7, 1976, Gairy became Prime Minister of the Grenada. He began to converse with Augusto Pinochet of Chile about ways to deal with civil unrest.[7] Pinochet started training the Mongoose Gang members combat and intelligence methods concerning counter insurgency.

Because of the intense rivalry between (Bishop-Gairy), Bishop looked for aid from Castro and the Cuban government because of his interest in Marxist ideology of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Bishop received monies from the Soviet Union and Cuba to construct an aircraft runway to improve tourism in Grenada.

The U.S. Military Invasion of Grenada

In 2007, Kyle Albert wrote about the U.S. Invasion of Grenada in the Washington Undergraduate Law Review, in his essay Jus in Bello and the U.S. Conduct in the 1983 Invasion of Grenada he asserted:

“The decision to invade Grenada on October 5, 1983 was a controversial one. In fact, entire books have been written about whether the invasion of Grenada was justifiable under jus ad bellum international humanitarian law. Once the decision to invade was implemented, U.S. forces of around 7,000 personnel were rapidly deployed to the island to fight alongside roughly 300 soldiers provided by the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). Although the rationale for the invasion was to rescue Americans living on the island and promote stability after a military coup, a key objective was to prevent the emergence of a Cuban-backed government. The U.S. and OECS forces vastly outnumbered the People’s Revolutionary Army (PRA) and hundreds of foreign fighters on the island, including Cubans and advisors from several communist countries who controlled the island in the wake of the execution of former dictator Maurice Bishop. While U.S. forces experienced unexpectedly fierce resistance, the PRA and Cuban fighters were almost completely defeated within three days.”[8]

The U.S. military invasion of Grenada lasted for three days and overall Operation Urgent Fury was successful in regard to circumventing the Soviet-Cuban influence of Grenada. However, the operation did suffer programs from inadequate communications, intelligence, and operational support from Special Forces operatives in the battle field. The invasion included special operation forces such as: 82nd Airborne, U.S. Marines, Rangers, and Navy Seals (Seal Team Six) who were sent by President Reagan to circumvent the Marxist-Leninist influence of Grenada.

Jeffrey Clarke wrote in Operation Urgent Fury:

“The special operation forces’ effort to rescue Governor General Sir Paul Scoon in St. George’s did not go smoothly. The helicopters of the supporting Task Force 160 had arrived late at the intermediate staging base in Barbados and did not depart until 0530, well after the dawn time of half hour after the planned attack time. As a result, the assault force, consisting of lightly armed Navy Seals (sea-air-land commandos) and their special operations counterparts, was fully exposed to enemy fire. After rappelling from their helicopters to the ground near the governor general’s residence and securing St. Paul, the special operators found themselves under attack by Grenadian forces including armored cars…”[9]

In addition, the special operation attacks were not able to capture the communications needed to plan a successful operation. The Seal Team Six were not able to capture Radio Free Grenada communication and the alternate transmitters that were stationed on the island. However, the Rangers were able plan successful attacks at Point Salines against the Cubans and the Grenadian soldiers and developed consistent communications throughout Operation Urgent Fury. At the village of Calliste, “Rangers forced the surrender of one hundred fifty Cubans. Only eighty Cubans remained unaccounted for and enemy fire slackened considerably.”[10] The SEALS were cutoff by guerrilla soldiers between Fort Frederick and Fort Rupert areas near the governor’s house. The U.S. Marines rescued Sir Paul’s wife, the beleaguered SEALS, and nine civilians and flew the flew them out by helicopter to USS Guam.

Initially, the U.S. Special Operation Forces (SOF) had strong resistance from the People’s Revolutionary Army and the Cuban Forces that were station on the island. Accurate intelligence was not collected about St. George’s Medical School. “When Rangers moved in to rescue the American medical school students at True Blue Campus, they found that there was a larger campus with even more students-around two hundred- at Grand Anse a few miles north. This was the first the Americans heard of this second campus. The late of intelligence affected the overall military operation.

On October 28, 1983, resistance to the U.S. military forces subsided tremendously. “Airborne troopers spent most of the day continuing the search for fugitive Cubans and trying to locate Hudson Austin, Bernard Coard, and members of the revolutionary government still in hiding.”[11] As combat subsided, fears of continued resistance by the Cubans and Grenadian soldiers dissipated. “General Edward L. Trobaugh assumed the responsibility for all military operations as commander, U.S. Forces-Grenada, shortly thereafter. Troops of the 82nd began their withdrawal and turned over peace keeping responsibilities to the Caribbean Peacekeeping Force.”[12] General Trobaugh left the island on November 9, and turned command over to Brig. Gen. Jack B. Farris to assume responsibilities for Operation Urgent Fury.

When the U.S. soldiers returned to the United States they were debriefed to capture the lessons learned in terms of doctrine, training, and organizational leadership of the (SOF) in the field during Operation Urgent Fury. Pertinent documents and interviews were conducted to assist in the investigation process.

“As an example of military mismanagement, Grenada gave impetus to efforts to reform the Joint Chiefs of Staff and provide greater authority to unified commanders. The Senate Armed Forces Service Committee staff report on Department of Defense reorganization, known informally as the Locher Report, found that the operation revealed “serious problems in the ability of the Services to operate jointly.” The problems of cohesive interpersonal communications of U.S. Armed Forces in Grenada resulted in the Goldwater- Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, signed by President Ronald Reagan on October 1, 1986.
Cuba and Grenada were both humiliated by the foreign policy disaster in Operation Urgent Fury. “Fidel Castro ordered the Cuban ambassador to Grenada be stripped of his rank and imprisoned without benefit of a trial for his failure to detect the impending coup against Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. The commander of the Cuban forces on the island, Col. Pedro Tortolo Cosmas, underwent court martial for his inability to mount effective defense.” [13]

In conclusion, the problems of the Operation Urgent Fury were difficulties that were inherit from the policy-makers secrecy and compartmentalization of the planning process. Communication experts were cut out of the process of the planning crippled the ability of the commander of the 82nd Airborne Division’s tactical operations center. Intelligence was another problem in the U.S. military invasion. “Failure to identify more than one campus at the medical school and to discover that a larger number of Americans lived on campus was a major dilemma. The collected intelligence was developed to assist in the clandestine operation and SOF were not given adequate information to contribute to military objectives in the field, “the Ranger and Marines had only four days of preparation time for Grenada, and the 82nd Airborne just three. The intelligence available was sketchy, complicating plans, and making rehearsals impossible.”[14] The lack of adequate communications and reliable intelligence created great errors in the U.S. military invasion of Grenada.

Bibliography

1._____. Bernard Baruch,This Day in History Bernard Baruch Coined the Term Cold War, April 17, 1947, The History Channel http://www.historychannel.com/ (Retrieved on June 6,2009 from http://www.historychannel.com/)

2._____. Maurice Bishop. (Retrieved on June 6, 2009 from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDbishop.htm)

3._____. Maurice Bishop, The Grenada Revolution. (Retrieved on June 6, 2009 from http://www.thegrenadarevolutiononline.com/bishopcopyrighted.html)

4.Albert, Kyle. “Jus in Bello and the U.S. Conduct in the 1983 Invasion of Grenada.” Washington Undergraduate Law Review. Spring, 2007.

5. Beckwith, Charles. Knox, Donald. Delta Force: The Army’s Elite Counterterrorist Unit. New York: Harper Collins, 2000.

6. Government Printing Office. Operation Urgent Fury. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.

[1] Maurice Bishop, New Jewel Movement Manifesto 1974
[2] Bernard Baruch,This Day in History Bernard Baruch Coined the Term Cold War, April 17, 1947, The History Channel www.historychannel.com
[3] Government Printing Office, Operation Urgent Fury. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1983) 10-11
[4] Ibid.
[5] Charles Beckwith and Donald Knox, Delta Force: The Army’s Elite Counterterrorist Unit. (Harper Collins, 2000).
[6] Maurice Bishop, (retrieved from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDbishop.htm)
[7] Ibid.
[8] Kyle Albert, “Jus in Bello and the U.S. Conduct in the 1983 Invasion of Grenada.” Washington Undergraduate Law Review. Spring 2007: (3-4)
[9] Ibid.
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid.
[13] Ibid.
[14] Ibid.

Intelligence Errors During the 9/11 Commission

2009-08-20T00:41:00.001-07:00

1. What were some the major intelligence errors not identified by the 9/11 Commission.

There were several different errors of the 9/11 Commission that was not sited in the 9/11 Commission Report. The members of the commission were not absolutely honest with the United States citizens in regard to the actual attacks concerning the World Trade Center (WTC), The Pentagon, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania aerial attack. Richard Clarke, counterterrorist expert in the White House asserted, “The United States failed the U.S. citizens for allowing the attack to take place in the U.S.” (9/11 Press for Truth) The U.S. national security was at risk from international terrorists and incompetence from intelligence policy makers and elite government officials who did not at urgently. The U.S. Government were not preemptive with pertinent information in regard to the President Daily Brief (PDB), President Bush received on August 6, 2001, a month prior the to the actual terrorist attack on the Bush Administration had information about a prospective attack in the PDB entitled “Bin Laden Determined to Strike in the U.S.”
President Bush new about an imminent attack as far as July 2001, The Bush Administration asserted there were no warnings at all. However, there was collected intelligence from countries such as Britain, Germany, Italy and Australia and ten other nations warned the U.S. in regard to al-Qaeda and prospective attacks.

The U.S. citizens were not told the truth about a possible “control demolition,” that assisted the terrorist planes that assisted the plan in an initial attack on 9/11. There were five hundred and three firefighters interviewed after the WTO terrorist attacks and there were 118 accounts of firefighters who asserted there were explosions in the building and these accounts were not investigated in the 9/11 Commission Report. (MacQueen, Explosive Testimony)
The account asserted by experts was the thermodynamics after the impact of the airplanes generated heat of 25,000º Celsius was generated in the two towers after the impact of the plane crash, which caused a steel beam building to collapse. (Building 7 of the World Trade Center was not hit by an airplane, however; the building imploded.) Afterwards, the building immediately imploded and dissipated to ashes. On September 11, 2001, 2,972 people from eighty different countries were killed in the WTO terrorist attacks and the United States citizens were not given the developed the right answers. The 9/11 Commission failed to meet the expectations of family members who suffered from love ones who were killed in the terrorist attacks. Initially, only a minority of the 9/11 Commission not everyone in the commission had access to sensitive information concerning the terrorist attacks. The president and vice president meet with the commission in secret and the U.S. citizens were concerned. On July 2004, 9/11 Commission Report was published and many of the United States citizen were not satisfied with the report. In addition, the commission never addressed the issue of who actually funded the terrorism attacks on September 11, 2001. Paul Thompson in his Complete 911 Timeline, indicated many other possibilities that lead to the 9/11 terrorist attack. On July 2004, Thompson asserts:

“Despite previous leaks to the media showing the 9/11 Commission was given information showing Pakistani officials were “up to their eyeballs” in collaboration with the Taliban and al-Qaeda before 9/11 (see June 20, 2004) [Los Angeles Times, 6/14/2004] , and even reports of a document given to the commission claiming the “ISI was fully involved in devising and helping the entire [9/11 plot]” (see July 22, 2004) [United Press International, 7/22/2004] , the 9/11 Commission’s Final Report released on this day rarely mentions the ISI at all. The only significant mention is a brief comment that the ISI was the Taliban’s “primary patron.” ISI Director Lt. Gen. Mahmood Ahmed is mentioned only twice, both in the context of post-9/11 diplomacy. Saeed Sheikh is not mentioned at all. The report notes that details of the 9/11 plot were widely known by the Taliban leadership, but fails to consider if the Taliban shared that knowledge or involvement with their “primary patron.” [9/11 Commission, 7/24/2004] Indeed, far from criticizing Pakistan, the commission praises the country for its support in the war on terrorism, and suggests that the US should greatly increase its foreign aid there. [Associated Press, 7/22/2004]”

2. What are three reforms of the IC that you believe are crucial to Homeland Security?

There were three reforms of the United States intelligence community that were crucial to the developed of the United States’ Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA), The Homeland Security Act of 2002, and the USA Patriot Act was crucial in the development of the United States Homeland security. In 2001, the United States 107th Congress developed Public Law 107-56 which was entitled UNITING AND STRENGTHENING AMERICA BY PROVIDING APPROPRIATE TOOLS REQUIRED TO INTERCEPT AND OBSTRUCT TERRORISM (USA PATRIOT ACT) ACT OF 2001 some of the issues addressed in Public Law 107-56 discuss various issues as are follows:
TITLE I--ENHANCING DOMESTIC SECURITY AGAINST TERRORISM Sec. 101. Counterterrorism fund.Sec. 102. Sense of Congress condemning discrimination against Arab and Muslim Americans.Sec. 103. Increased funding for the technical support center at the Federal Bureau of Investigation.Sec. 104. Requests for military assistance to enforce prohibition in certain emergencies.Sec. 105. Expansion of National Electronic Crime Task Force Initiative.Sec. 106. Presidential authority. TITLE II--ENHANCED SURVEILLANCE PROCEDURES Sec. 201. Authority to intercept wire, oral, and electronic communications relating to terrorism.Sec. 202. Authority to intercept wire, oral, and electronic communications relating to computer fraud and abuse offenses.Sec. 203. Authority to share criminal investigative information.Sec. 204. Clarification of intelligence exceptions from limitations on interception and disclosure of wire, oral, and electronic communications.Sec. 205. Employment of translators by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.Sec. 206. Roving surveillance authority under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.Sec. 207. Duration of FISA surveillance of non-United States persons who are agents of a foreign power.Sec. 208. Designation of judges. (USA Patriot Act 2001) The Patriotic Act gave the United States judicial government the capability to deal with terrorism from a legal perspective which allowed the law enforcement the ability to investigate issues concerning domestic and foreign threats to the United States Government. In addition, there were U.S. policy makers who were interested in the development of domestic security beyond Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which would create an interagency between U.S. Border Patrol, United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), and U.S. Customs Agency. In the 1990s, horrific events such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and Waco, Texas Massacre, 1995 Timothy McVeigh bombing of Oklahoma Federal building were instrumental factors in the developing a Homeland Security for the United States of America. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century was very instrumental in promoting the idea of a “homeland security” in the U.S. Gary Hart, co-chair of 21st Century Commission asserted:

1. America will become increasingly vulnerable to hostile attack on our homeland, and our military superiority will not entirely protect us.
The United States will be both absolutely and relatively stronger than any other state or combination of states. Although a global competitor to the United States is unlikely to arise over the next 25 years, emerging powers--either singly or in coalition--will increasingly constrain U.S. options regionally and limit its strategic influence. As a result, we will remain limited in our ability to impose our will, and we will be vulnerable to an increasing range of threats against American forces and citizens overseas as well as at home. American influence will increasingly be both embraced and resented abroad, as U.S. cultural, economic, and political power persists and perhaps spreads. States, terrorists, and other disaffected groups will acquire weapons of mass destruction and mass disruption, and some will use them. Americans will likely die on American soil, possibly in large numbers. (Hart, 1999)

The September 11, 2001 terrorist lead President Bush to establish the Office of Homeland Security (OHS), and in October 2001, Bush established appointed Tim Ridge former Governor of Pennsylvania the new director of Homeland Security. In 2002, the Homeland Security Act was passed which later developed the cabinet level Department of Homeland Security which also established the Homeland Security Council similar to National Security Council.

Another important factor in establishing DHS was IRTPA of 2004. The reformation of President Truman’s reformation of National Security Act of 1947 was amended on December 2004. IRTPA reformed the intelligence community and developed a new focus for the U.S. intelligence community. It also helps to develop an interagency presence within the intelligence community to counter some of the fallacies of the intelligence community on September 11, 2001.

Bibliography

1. Hart, Gary. New World Coming: America in the 21st Century. (Retrieved on June 2, 2009 from http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nwc/nwc.htm)

2. MacQueen, Graeme. Explosive Testimony. (Retrieved on June 2, 2009 from www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ4dVo5QgYg)

3. Nowosielski, Ray; Duffy, John (Directors). 911 Press for the Trust. Globalvision, 2006.

4. Thompson, Paul. Complete 911 Timeline. (Retrieved on June 2, 2009 from www.historycommons.org/project.jsp?project=911_project)

5. United States 107th Congress. Public Law 107-56: USA Patriotic Act. (Retrieved on June 2, 2009 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-107publ56/content-detail.html)

New World Order

2009-08-20T00:27:00.000-07:00

The New World Order: A Changed World and the Future

By Timur A. Davis

Dr. George P. Shultz, Director, Bechtel Group, former U.S. Secretary of State delivered the George P. Shultz Lecture Series for 2004. One of his lectures published in Vital Speeches of the Day entitled The Changed World: We Must Not Flinch, Shultz addresses issues concerning national security, terrorism, economics and international law in the post-Cold War era of global affairs. George Shultz was Secretary of Labor (1969-1970), Secretary of Treasury (1972-1974), and Secretary of State (1982-1989) he served in both Nixon and Reagan administrations. Shultz matriculated in 1942 with BA in economics/ international affairs from Princeton University he later served in the U.S. Marines attaining the rank of Captain. In 1949, he earned his Ph.D. in economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Dr. Shultz was the director of Bechtel Group, the largest engineering construction firm in the United States, and the seventh largest privately owned company in the United States. Bechtel Group constructs infrastructures in throughout the globe with its headquarters in San Francisco, California. The company developed infrastructures in countries such as: Bolivia under the presidency of Hugo Banzer and Zaire under the Laurent Kabalia, Iraq and the New Orleans after the disaster of Hurricane Katrina. After the U.S. invasion of Iraq, Bechtel Group received $680 million dollars in contracts from USAID to develop Iraq.[1]
The Change World address issues of the newly developed national security threats to the United States of America. The essay addresses concerns of global governance and the balance of power in the international relations and its impact on national and global security and political-economics. Shultz asserted, “I have two questions. What, from a security standpoint, is going on in the world? When we answer that, that’s the key to answering the second question; where do we go from here?”[2] During the Reagan Administration, he asserted, “Terrorism is a big problem, a different problem, and we have to take forceful action against it.”[3] The U.S. did not fully discern the prospective terrorist problems the country would face due the idée fix that was developed with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The problems of terrorism is far more intense, because Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda developed loose global networks, intercontinental fundamentalist theocracies, and that receive various resources from illicit trade apparatuses with access to advanced weapons and resources that threatens the national security of the United States and allied regimes throughout the world.
Another danger to United States is our energy dependence of foreign fossil fuel. Shultz asserted, “Our strength and security are vitally affected by our dependence on oil coming from other countries and by the dependence of the world economy on oil from the most unstable parts of the world: the Middle East.” President Eisenhower thought, “If we imported more that 20 percent of the oil we used, we are heading for trouble.”[4] The U.S. imports 60 percent of its petroleum from foreign nations. In addition, to terrorist the two super powers no longer exist and there are still stockpiles of nuclear warheads in the former Soviet Union.
In conclusion, Shultz in A Changed World addressed pertinent issues relevant to national and global security, terrorism interdiction, and political-economics that impact upon the global governance that directly affects social change for 6 billion people on the planet earth.
The questions that Shultz raised in the article have to be addressed especially during the “information age,” because technology changed the geographic lines of demarcation. Al-Qaeda terrorist have developed hybrid terrorist group and established flexible hierarchies that are able to fight a protracted war of attrition throughout the globe. In addition, the inquiries that were raised in the essay also address dire concerns of the economic crisis that the world is undergoing due to the advent of over-consumption of national resources from foreign nations and frivolous spending habits which threatens the national security of the United States and the globe.

George Shultz, “The Changed World: We Must Not Flinch.” Vital Speeches of the Day. (Vol. LXX – July 1, 2004)

USAID Awards Iraqi Infrastructure Contract
(Retrieved on June 11, 2009 from http://www.usaid.gov/ /press/releases/2003/pr030417.html)

[1] USAID Awards Iraqi Infrastructure Contract (Retrieved on June 11, 2009 from http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2003/pr030417.html)
[2] George Shultz, “The Changed World: We Must Not Flinch.” Vital Speeches of the Day. (Vol.LXX – July 1, 2004) : (547-548)
[3] Ibid
[4] Ibid.

The United States Intelligence Community After 9/11

2009-08-20T00:08:00.000-07:00

United States Intelligence After 9/11
Timur A. Davis

“Improving information sharing will bring about the all-source analysis and deliver timely, objective, actionable intelligence to senior decision makers, war fighters, and defenders of the homeland. This strategy – by detailing information sharing strategic keystones, goals, and objectives- provides vital direction to our efforts to effect these changes.”

J.M. McConnell
Director of National Intelligence

The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America changed since the horrific attack of 9/11. Al-Qaeda terrorists used an aerial assault to strategically hit the World Trade Center (WTC), The Pentagon, and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The WTC attacks took the lives of nearly 3,000 people and it left the U.S. citizens frightened and in complete shock. During the terrorist attacks, George Tenet was the Director of Central Intelligence and he managed the U.S. intelligence community. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) suffered a tremendous amount of media controversy and President George W. Bush wondered how can such an attack take place in the U.S.?

In 2004, the U.S. Congressman/woman established the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) which was an amendment to the National Security Act of 1947. IRTPA changed the infrastructure of the intelligence community. In 2005, Bush developed the National Security Strategy of the United States of America,

The President signed the new law with the expectation that “our vast intelligence enterprise will become more unified, coordinated, and effective.” President Bush went further to assert:

Our charge is clear:

Integrate the domestic and foreign dimensions of the intelligence so that there wild are no gaps in our understanding of threats to our national security.
Bring more depth to the accuracy to the intelligence analysis, and
Ensure that intelligence resources generate future capabilities as well as present results. (The National Security Strategy of the United States, 2005, 1)

The role of U.S. intelligence community changed after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. However, this was not the first attack on the U.S. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and nearly 3,000 U.S. soldiers were killed in the aerial attack. The attack led President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to establish the Office of Strategic Service which was managed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and General William “Wild Bill” Donovan. President Roosevelt felt it was imperative to find new strategic ways to fight against the Axis powers. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed a bill which established the National Security Act which created the National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency, Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the Department of Defense. These organizations were formed during the early stages of the Cold War. The U.S. was new to the profession of foreign espionage.

There were no major revisions to the U.S. intelligence community until 9/11. The amendment to the Senators Diane Feinstein, Jay Rockefeller, and Bob Graham recommended the idea of the Director of National Intelligence, due to the fallacies of the George Tenet and the CIA. On April 22, 2005, President Bush appointed John Negroponte, DNI and he was in charge of the U.S. intelligence community. Also, the DCI position was dissolved and DNI was in charge of all the intelligence agencies: CIA, DIA, NRO, NSA, Department of Energy, National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), Homeland Security Council, and National Security Council. The DNI was charged to advise the President of the United States, Homeland Security, and National Security Council. In addition, President Bush amended Executive Order 12333 and put in place Executive Order 13470 to give the DNI authority in the U.S. intelligence community. In addition, Bush developed the Office of Homeland Security.

“Weeks after September 11, 2001 the Bush Administration announced the creation of an Office of Homeland Security (OHS) headed by Governor Tim Ridge, in the White House, my strongly held view was that this approach to homeland security would not succeed. The new office had no authority, no budget control, and no accountability. While after a year and, finally, the White House conceded the need for a new department.” (Hart, 2008, 33)

In 2002, after the dismantling of OHS, the President George W. Bush established the Homeland Security Act, and which developed the Department of Homeland Security. This was the major federal government change since the development of the National Security act of 1947 which established the Department of Defense. In 2004 Homeland Security Act was which help to create a multi-billion dollar budget for the new cabinet level federal agency. Currently, the annual budget for DHS is $ 52.9 billion dollar budget. Many of the former border patrol and immigration agencies were reorganized to accommodate the new domesticated security agency. For example, The U.S. Naturalization and Immigration Service became the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS), and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Currently, DHS employ approximately two hundred thousand people and is the second largest cabinet level federal agency in the country.

One of the most important aspects of Bush’s National Intelligence Strategy was restructuring the U.S. intelligence community. J.Michael McConnell, the Director of National asserted:

“Improving information sharing will bring about the all-source analysis and deliver timely, objective, actionable intelligence to senior decision makers, war fighters, and defenders of the homeland. This strategy – by detailing information sharing strategic keystones, goals, and objectives- provides vital direction to our efforts to effect these changes.” (National Intelligence Strategy, 2005) The intelligence community was charged with sharing information across the board were intelligence agencies were informed about new terrorist threats.

2. How will the intelligence-strategy relationship change for the US in the 21st century, if it changes at all?

The intelligence-strategy relationships changed in the U.S. during the 21st century. After 9/11 the old intelligence gathering concepts that became a very important part of Cold War changed. Federal intelligence agencies were in dire need to change and promote communication across the board. In addition to change of the infrastructure of the agencies, there was also a need to an “Intelligence-industrial complex,” where by federal agencies would begin to outsource sensitive information concerning national security to companies such as: Booz Allen Hamilton, Lockheed Martin, Science Application International Corporation (SAIC), The Analysis Corporation, Xe (formerly Black Water Worldwide, Rand Corporation and Northrop Grumman military and technological companies became an integral part of national security of the U.S. equation.

In Tim Shorrock’s book Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing, he asserted:

“The bulk of the $50 billion market is serviced by one hundred companies, ranging in size from multimillion-dollar defense behemoths to small technology shops funded by venture capitalist that have yet to return a profit. At one end of the scale is Lockheed Martin, which $40 billion in revenue and 52,000 cleared IT personnel make up the largest defense contractor and private intelligence force in the world.” (Shorrock, 2008, 12)

Shorrock went further to assert:

“That astounding figure, which I first reported in June 2007, means that the vast majority of the money spent by the Intelligence Community is not going into building an expert cadre within the government but creating a secret army of analysts and action officers inside the private sector.” (Shorrock, 2008, 13)

Eugene Fidell, the president of the National Institute for Military Justice, the nation’s largest organization for military lawyers asserted: “Contracting has simply gone crazy,” He was concerned about the CIA and the Pentagon’s use of contractors to interrogate enemy prisoners.

Since 9/11 the CIA has been spending 50 to 60 percent of its budget on for-profit contractors, which developed a full time work force of 17,500. Which is nearly $ 2.5 billion a year?

By 2006, according to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 70 percent, or almost three-quarters of the intelligence budgets was spent on contracts. (Shorrock, 2008)

J. Michael McConnell was the former executive vice president to Booz Allen Hamilton to becoming the DNI which is the country’s top intelligence officer position who the principal adviser to the president. Contracting is a very integral part of the U.S intelligence businesses and contracting affects the lives of the U.S. and allied countries citizens and world.

The Intelligence Community is the epicenter of the U.S. national security and U.S. citizens are concerned about the functionality of the U.S. intelligence and the part federal government plays in protecting the country from domestic and global terrorist threats. Federal government should still be in control of the intelligence communities and control the “intelligence industrial complex.”

3. What are some of the lessons that recent events have taught us about potential US vulnerabilities to strategic surprise?

One of the crucial lessons we have learned was sharing information is very vital to the survival of the U.S. Some of the nation’s greatest vulnerabilities were following the intelligence traditions of the Cold War. Al-Qaeda recruits members of its terrorist group from Moslems from different parts of the globe and various academic back grounds. The U.S. intelligence community develops spies and agents from astute academic back grounds such as: MIT, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Universities. There are some instances were al-Qaeda developed flexible hierarchies and hybrid terrorist groups based on a group’s -strategic interest. Adam Elkus in his article, Terrorism’s Two Front War, asserted:

Al-Qaeda's affiliate organizations have also wreaked havoc in the Middle East, North Africa, Pakistan, and Southeast Asia. It is important to emphasize that these organizations have only an ideological connection to their supposed patron -- but are just as dangerous. While never a major player in Iraq's factional game, al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) seized the world's attention through a slew of bombings, massacres, and even low-grade chemical warfare employing chlorine. However, its tactics eventually led to a popular backlash. In Algeria, the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) has pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda, becoming al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. They immediately set to work targeting Algerians and Western expatriates, killing over 50 in a series of bombings in 2007. Indonesian al-Qaeda affiliates Jemaah Islamiyah have killed hundreds of Indonesians and Western tourists and work in concert with other regional guerilla fronts. (Elkus, 2008).

The al-Qaeda terrorist group wage global guerrilla warfare against the U.S. and allied countries who concur with the ideology of the U.S. foreign policy and freedom and democracy. The terrorist group(s) discerns the Center of Gravity (COG) that exists with in the military and intelligence industrial complexes and studies the weaknesses that are with in the structures. The failures of the U.S. CIA and the intelligence agencies, ultra-capitalism, hedonic idée fixes, and the discrepancies of the nation’s governmental structures.

In conclusion, to defeat the terrorist enemy who exist with out international organizations who exists without geographic lines of demarcation, and develop flexible hierarchies it is important to understand that most al-Qaeda terrorists are not recruited because of money and a life of luxury; but they are engulfed into the terrorist regime due to the concepts that exist with in the Islamic theocracies and the laws of the Koran. This enemy is different, because the theater for battle is the globe and the war of attrition is waged around the world. The Global War on Terror is a protracted battle that stemmed from 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center (WTO) bombing and the global war have existed for nearly 17 years and it is still a reality. The changing the U.S. intelligence community infrastructure will help with the overall federal agencies and further idea of being preemptive in regard to terrorist threats.

However, some of the country’s vulnerabilities are with in the intelligence agencies themselves. For example, Harry White, Aldrich Ames, Kim Philby, and Guy Burgess were all moles with in their countries and properly managing senior agent is crucial to a nation’s security. The weakness of the U.S. lies with in the strength of the country the military and intelligence industrial complexes.

“Improving information sharing will bring about the all-source analysis and deliver timely, objective, actionable intelligence to senior decision makers, war fighters, and defenders of the homeland. This strategy – by detailing information sharing strategic keystones, goals, and objectives- provides vital direction to our efforts to effect these changes.” (National Intelligence Strategy, 2005)

Elkus, Adam. “Terrorism’s Two Front Wars.” The Huffington Post. (Retrieved on May 23, 2009 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/adam-elkus/terrorisms-two-front-war_b_105304.html)

Office of Director of National Intelligence. The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States. Washington D.C.: Office of Director of National Intelligence, 2005.

_____. Information Sharing Strategy: United States Intelligence Community. Washington D.C.: Director of National Intelligence, 2008.

Johnson, Loch & Wirtz, James. Strategic Intelligence: Windows into a Secret World. California: Roxbury Publishing, 2004.

Shorrock, Tim. Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008.

Counter-Narcotics

2009-08-19T23:48:00.000-07:00

Counter-Narcotics

By

Timur A. Davis

1. Why must the U.S. stay engaged with Mexico

“During the early 1980s, the United States implemented a series of operations in the Caribbean to stem the flow of cocaine from Columbia. Since the drug war is a strategic game, the Columbians, in response, began to look for different routes to smuggle their cocaine. They discovered Mexico, whose location and open borders with the United States were seen as remarkable assets.”

Tony Payan. The Drug War and the U.S.-Mexico Border: The State of Affairs

The border drug war between the United States of America and Mexico was started by U.S. Bureau of Custom’s Operation Intercept on September 21, 1969, immediately after President Richard Nixon declared a war on drugs. During Operation Intercept, the border was unilaterally shut down by the U.S. government and it impacted upon the lives of residents who lived along the border during the border blockade. “Because of the mind-altering drugs during the 1960s, the growing appetite for them increased the risks of dealing in drug and also the profits doing so. The profits, however, increased more than the risks, because incentives for people to deal in drugs grew considerably not just in Mexico but also in the United States. Many illegal drug dealers found it profitable to enter the business.”[1] The border drug war is now four decades old. The drug cartels in Mexico are more efficient and sophisticated flexible hierarchies, international consolidated drug cartels, and technological innovations that threaten the national security of United States of America.

During the 1970s, Mexico was a major supplier of marijuana and heroin, and cocaine came from Columbia. There were many small groups that operated drug trafficking into the United States of America. Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, a major drug trafficker in Mexico consolidated all of the small time drug dealers into one major organization. Felix Gallardo and Mexican drug lords already developed a market for marijuana and heroin, and the Columbians were interested in Mexico because they discovered its location and open border was a remarkable asset to their drug trafficking interest. Columbia drug operations were undergoing tremendous problems during the early 1980s. “The assassination of Rodrigo Lara Bonilla had put the Medellin cartel on the run for the first time in its existence. The problems in Nicaragua were only a symptom of a much graver malaise. For three months after the Lara Bonilla murder, everything the traffickers touched sour. Guy Guliotta and Jeff Leen in their book King of Cocaine: The Medillin Cartel an Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money, and International Corruption went further to assert:

“Lara Bonilla’s murder marked the moment when Columbia first identified the Medellin cartel as the enemy: savage, ruthless killers willing to challenge the integrity of the Columbian state. There was no more talk of drug trafficking being a “U.S. problem and not our problem.” There was no more discussion of drug traffickers’ capitalistic enterprise and creativity. The days when Pablo Escobar and Carlos Lehder could strut their stuff across Columbia’s political landscape was over.[2] In addition, Lieutenant Colonel Ernesto Gilibert Vargas, second in command of National Police Anti-Narcotics Unit, Columbia’s Special Operations Group (GOES) and Ron Pettinghill, a DEA agent in Columbia, developed a task force to destroy cocaine laboratories in Tranquilandia, also dubbed the “Silicon Valley of cocaine.” Guy Gugliotta went further to assert:

“In all, the police and soldiers in a little more than a fortnight sent 13.8 metric tons of cocaine up in smoke, along with fourteen labs and encampments, seven planes, and 11,800 drums of ether, acetone, and other chemicals…The Columbian authorities estimated the jungle labs were likely to have put $12 billion in coffers of the Medillin cartel in two years. What the police destroyed was conservatively estimated to be worth $1.2 billion.”[3]

The Columbian drug lords found a willing counterpart in Mexico, Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, and the partnership produced major alliance between the Mexicans –Columbians and produced a multidrug corridor. In 1997, Paul Copher, ENN Counter-Terrorist- Analyst-At-Large reported in Mexico/United States Border – Corruption and the War on Drugs reported:

“Although well known for two years that the Cali and other Columbian drug cartels have moved substantial resources into Sonora Mexico and have nearly all police, federales, and government personnel on the payroll, the news hit the papers for the first time.” [4]

The Mexican-Columbian multidrug alliance transport 70 percent of all drugs enter into the United States. In 1989, Felix Gallardo was arrested in Mexico. Felix Gallardo later ran all of his drug operations from his prison cell. Due to internal strife within the organization, Felix Gallardo later changed the organizational structure of his criminal organization allowing his lieutenants to develop flexible hierarchies and/ or four separate cartels which later became Tijuana Cartel, the Sinaloa-Sonora Cartel, the Juarez Cartel, and the Gulf Cartel, which adapted to U.S. and Mexican law enforcement policies concerning the border war.

On December 4, 2008, International Herald Tribune published an U.S. frees up $197 million for Mexico’s drug war. The monies would pay for helicopters, scanners, and other tools to help Mexico fight violent drug cartels. In addition, U.S. Ambassador Tony Garza signed documents to disburse $136 million to aid the Mexican and U.S. border drug war. United States President George W. Bush developed a $1.4 billion to aid in drug-fighting in Mexico and Central America. “Mexican President Felipe Calderon has urged Washington to support his army-led crackdown on powerful drug gangs whose hit men have killed 4,500 people this year, armed with illegally smuggled U.S. Guns. Calderon has sent some 36,000 troops across Mexico to try to restore law and order, spending around $7 billion on a three year military crackdown.” [5]

Despite the prodigious amount of monies allocated to the interdiction of drug trafficking from Mexico into the United States. Drug gangs in Mexico developed sophisticated ways to distribute drugs into the U.S. Tony Payan asserted, “In response to the logic of escalation produced by U.S. antidrug strategies, drug-trafficking organizations have proven more flexible and adaptable. Because the cartels are constantly responding to U.S. law enforcement tactics, it can be argued that drug war only makes the cartels even more flexible and adaptable.” [6] The modus operandi of the major drug traffickers is to adapt to change, and the major cartels in Mexico thrive despite Homeland Security’s strategy and technological advancement. There are many different ways drug traffickers smuggle drugs into the U.S. and most often vehicles are used to transport prodigious amounts of drugs into the United States. They also pay off employees and bureaucrats who allow cargo to cross safely into the United States, both Mexicans and American receive handsome rewards for there efforts. Also, large packages of drugs are secured in secret compartments of the vehicles and engulfed in gasoline, oils, and perfumes to disguise the smell from sniffing dogs. Drug traffickers also have idle men (vendors) who observe the work patterns of U.S. border agents looking for lazy or distracted officers and information is immediately communicated to cartels. Most U.S. law enforcement official supplements their salaries by taking payoffs from cartel members in the amounts of $10,000 -$20,000.

“In Mexico, many government officials and law enforcement agents are on the payroll of narcotic-traffickers. Paul Cophers asserted, “Although processing and storage facilities for drugs are situated all along the border with Mex and AZ, nothing has been done by Mexican local police. Various anti drug agencies had many raids foiled in the past two years when Sonoran Mexican police were often put on alert to protect narcotics. The drug dealers often live in the US while running businesses at the border. Many mercenaries from all over the world are assigned security details and training for the cartels. Many US ex military SpecOps are paid very well to conduct electronic sweeps and run border infiltrations.”[7]

In conclusion, drug trafficking from Mexico is an immediate threat to the national security of the United States government. Smugglers can easily transport cargo across the United States border, because of Mexico’s close proximity into the United States. “Two thousand miles of largely unguarded border into the largest drug market in the world did not go unnoticed.”[8] Mexico narcotics traffickers developed international consolidated drug cartels, sophisticated flexible hierarchies, and technological innovations to circumvent counter-narcotics along the United States and Mexican borders. Mexico-Columbian multidrug alliance is a threat to the United States government due to the collaborative unlimited resources to narco-guerillas, mercenaries, global criminal networks, and counterintelligence operatives who threatens the immediate freedoms and perspectives of the U.S. government.

5. How can foreign governments be convinced to combat narcotics in the source nations?

For the Spaniards, all of this tied together: Rodriguez-Ochoa, M-19, Nicaragua. In other words, cocaine, terrorism, the Soviet bloc-the triple bloc nightmare of the free world. The Spaniards announced the Ochoa would be held on special anti-terrorist laws pending a review of the charges. Throughout the case the Spanish would treat Ochoa the way they treated imprisoned Basque separatist-extremely dangerous man with extremely dangerous friends.

Guy Gugliotts and Jeff Leen
Kings of Cocaine

In 1984, Jorge Ochoa of the Medellin cartel and Cali cartel boss Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela emigrated to Madrid, Spain to alleviate some of the political and legal tension that developed in Spain. They both brought their wives and deposited $370,000 of U.S. dollars in local banks. Both Ochoa and Medellin lived in fancy downtown hotels, and purchased luxury cars such as Mercedes sedans with hopes of perhaps developing a transit drug station in Spain. “Intelligence …has indicated that suspected Colombian trafficking group intends to create investment company with unlimited funding is in the process of purchasing several extremely expensive residences, indicating intent to remain in Spain. The international law enforcement, judicial and intelligence communities such as: Spain, United States, Columbia and Nicaragua viewed Ochoa and Rodriguez, terrorist-communist, with international drug networks. Guy Golgotha in Kings of Cocaine asserted:

“It was clear from the beginning that the terrorism-communism-drug link –accurate or not-offered a comfortable framework within which U.S. and Spanish law officers could discuss the Ochoa case. The Spaniards new a lot about terrorism but almost nothing about cocaine traffickers who dealt in tons. The Americans knew a lot about drug lords but nothing about terrorism…”[9]

The Ochoa case is a great example of international cooperation of a major drug case in regard to intelligence and law enforcement. “For the Reagan administration, the capture of Jorge Ochoa seemed like a gift from God. Not even four months had elapsed since the U.S. government named Ochoa and the rest of the Medellin cartel as criminal partners of the Nicaragua’s Sandinista government.”[10] The Spaniards were cooperative with DEA agents William Mockler and Jimmy Kibble who were able to provide great intelligence on the Nicaragua case, and drug trafficking in Columbia. This allowed the law enforcement of the Spanish government to develop the international drug trafficking, but to also share information in regard to terrorism.
Ochoa and Rodriguez were dangerous drug lords with international criminal networks who were instrumental in developing drug links with countries such as United States, Mexico, Panama, Nicaragua, and Columbia. Ochoa tried to develop a cocaine distribution center in Spain, because of the scarcity of ether and hydrochloric acid in Columbia. On November 15, 1984, Spanish judicial police arrested Ochoa and Rodriguez Orejuela and seized $90,000 and froze all their bank accounts. The 1984 murder of Lara Bonilla inspired the political government of Columbia to declare war on the Medellin cartel members. Members of the Medellin cartel even developed relationships with Gen. Manuel Noriega to laundry their drug monies.

The United States provided the Spaniards with the necessary legal and intelligence information needed to eventually handle Ochoa and Rodriguez cases in Spain Audiencia Nacional (National Court). Some of the problems in the case consisted of political and bureaucratic differences. For example, there were prolonged legal arguments in regard to which country (Columbia, Nicaragua, or United States) would Ochoa be extradited to, U.S. informant Barry Seal’s interest in the case because of possible pardon of a 10 year prison sentence, and what country would they be extradited in. They had drug trafficking warrants in Nicaragua, United States, or Columbia and there were several legal appeals in regard to the Ochoa case.

In conclusion, foreign government must confront and develop a global drug interdiction strategy which will help to dismantle international drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is a “clear and present danger” to every nation around the world. Drug traffickers have unlimited access to criminal networks, financials, and arms. Ochoa and Rodriguez and the Medellin cartel were involved in money laundering in Panama and also funded narco-guerilla groups such as M-19 and FARC. The Spaniards viewed Ochoa and Rodriguez and international terrorists because of
their accessibility to narco-guerillas. “For the Spaniards, all of this tied together: Rodriguez-Ochoa, M-19, and Nicaragua. In other words, cocaine, terrorism, the Soviet bloc, the triple nightmare of the free world.”[11] The U.S. and Spaniards viewed the Columbia drug lords (Ochoa and Rodriguez) as terrorist-communists, with international drug links that threatens all global communities.

Work Cited

Copher, Paul. “Mexico and USA-Corruption and War on Drugs” (retrieved on February 24, 2009 from http://www.emergency .com/mex-drug.htm)

Gugliotta, Guy. The Kings of Cocaine: Inside the Medellin Cartel, An
True Story of Murder, Money, and International Corruption.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.

Gutierrez, Miguel. “U.S. Frees Up $197 million for Mexico’s Drug War.” International Herald Tribune: The Global Edition of the New York Times. (Retrieved on February 24, 2009 from http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/12/04/america/OUKWD-UK-MEXICO-DRUGS-...

Payan, Tony. “The Drug War and the U.S. – Mexico Border: The State of Affairs.” South Atlantic Quarterly Fall 2006: (863-880)

[1] Tony Payan, The Drug War and the U.S. Mexico Border: The State of Affairs. South Atlantic Quarterly, Fall 2006. (863-880)
[2] Guy Gugliotts and Jeff Leen, King of Cocaine: Inside the Medillin Cartel- An Astonishing True Story of Murder, Money, and International Corruption. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.
[3] Ibid,
[4] Paul Copher, Mexico/United States Border- Corruption and the War on Drugs (retrieved on February 24, 2009 from http://www.emergency.com/mex-drug.htm
[5] Miguel Angel Gutierrez, U.S. Frees Up $197 million for Mexico’s Drug War. International Herald Tribune: The Global Edition of the New York Times. (Retrieved on February 24, 2009 from http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/12/04/america/OUKWD-UK-MEXICO-DRUGS-...
[6] Tony Payan, the Drug War and the U.S. - Mexican Border: The State of Affairs. South Atlantic Quarterly, Fall 2006: (863-880)
[7] Paul Copher, Mexico and USA-Corruption and War on Drugs (retrieved on February 24, 2009 from http://www.emergency .com/mex-drug.htm)
[8] Tony Payan, “The Drug War and the U.S. – Mexico Border: The State of Affairs.” South Atlantic Quarterly Fall 2006 (863-880)
[9] Guy Gugliotta and Jeff Leen, Kings of Cocaine. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989
[10] Ibid,
[11] Ibid,